实际工程中，常在外墙护土墙、土木工程、仓库、堤坝、屋面防水，地下室墙壁，混凝土底、顶板、隧道的防水层，浴室、阳台和平台上的墙壁和地板的防水等位置出现渗漏现象，因此做好相应防水措施十分重要。下面整理了防水工程的相关要点，一起来看看吧。
In practical engineering, often on the exterior of retaining walls, civil engineering, warehouse, dams, roofing, basement waterproofing concrete walls, roof, bottom, tunnel, bathroom, balcony and platform on the wall and the floor of the waterproof leakage location, so do the corresponding waterproof measures are very important. The following are the main points of waterproof engineering, let's look at it.
防水材料的选择
Selection of waterproof material
随着行业的不断发展，防水材料出现了很多种，包括油膏类、卷材类、溶剂型黏稠液、水基型乳液和粉剂型防水材料等，因此，如何从品种繁多的防水材料中选择适合工程的防水材料十分重要。
With the continuous development of the industry, there are many kinds of waterproof materials, including oil, coil, viscous liquid, solvent type water-based emulsion and powder type waterproof material, therefore, how to choose the waterproof material is suitable for the engineering of waterproof material from a wide variety of very important.
通常来说，应根据工程地质水文条件，施工季节、气候，建筑使用功能，结构类型等合理选择，主要有以下原则。
Generally speaking, the following principles should be chosen according to engineering geological and hydrological conditions, construction season, climate, building function and structure type.
（1）根据建筑物等级的不同，可将防水等级分为I级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级，不同防水等级的防水材料不同。有特殊要求的I级和Ⅱ级建筑，应选用多道设防的防水方案，将刚性防水的同时与柔性防水材料配合使用，如高聚物改性沥青或合成高分子片材；一般建筑或非永久性的Ⅲ、Ⅳ级建筑，可采用沥青纸胎油毡等防水材料。
(1) according to the different grade of the building, the waterproof grade can be divided into I grade, class II, grade III and IV grade, and the waterproof material of different waterproof grade is different. The special requirements of grade I and grade II buildings should be waterproof scheme with the seismic, and rigid waterproof and flexible waterproof materials are used, such as polymer modified asphalt or synthetic polymer sheet; general building or non permanent grade building, the asphalt asphalt paper and waterproof material.
（2）不同建筑部位的防水材料也不相同。如屋面防水，应选择抗拉强度高、延伸率大、耐老化好的防水材料；墙面防水，只能使用涂料，不得采用卷材，且应与外装修材料结合使用；地下室防水，应选用耐水性好的防水材料，且不得使用易腐烂的胎体所制卷材；卫生间防水应选择涂料类防水材料，不得使用卷材。
(2) the waterproof materials in different parts of the building are also different. Such as roofing, should choose high tensile strength, high elongation rate, aging resistance and good waterproof material; waterproof wall paint, use only, and shall not use the material, should be combined with external decoration materials; basement waterproofing, should choose good water resistance of waterproof material, and shall not be used for perishable carcass the toilet should choose waterproof material; coating waterproof material, may not use the coil.
（3）不同气候条件的防水材料选择不同。温度较高的地区，应选用耐紫外线强、软化点高的防水材料；温度较低的地区，应选择SBS改性沥青卷材或焊接合缝的高分子卷材等耐低温防水材料。雨量较多的地区，应选择耐水性强的防水材料，如玻纤胎、聚酯胎的改性沥青卷材或耐水的胶粘剂粘合高分子卷材等。
(3) the selection of waterproofing materials with different climatic conditions is different. The high temperature area, should choose strong resistance to UV, high softening point of waterproof material; low temperature area, should choose the SBS modified asphalt coiled material or welding seam of the polymer membrane such as low temperature resistant waterproof material. Areas with more rainfall should choose water-resistant waterproofing materials, such as glass fiber, polyester modified asphalt membrane or water resistant adhesive, and polymer coil.
防水施工要点
Main points of waterproof construction
1、 施工时，应将防水层基层清理干净，保证其坚固、平整、干净、不起砂、不起皮，同时保证涂胶防水层及嵌填密封材料的基层干燥洁净。
1, during construction, we should clean up the waterproofing layer, ensure that it is strong, smooth, clean, and can not get rid of sand and skin. At the same time, we must ensure that the base layer is dry and clean.
2、贴卷材时应采用搭接法，若平行于屋脊的搭接缝，应顺流水方向搭接；若垂直于屋脊的搭接缝，应顺最大频率风向搭接。
2, the lap method should be used when laying the coil. If the lap joint is parallel to the roof, it should overlap the flow direction. If the lap joint is perpendicular to the roof, it should overlap the maximum frequency wind direction.
3、涂刷时应将涂料尽量刷进基层表面细孔中，同时将基层可能留下的少量灰尘等无机杂质与涂料混合，并与基层牢固结合。
3, when painting, paint should be brushed into the holes on the base surface as far as possible. Meanwhile, a small amount of dust and other inorganic impurities that can be left behind can be mixed with the paint, and firmly combined with the base.
4、铺贴防水卷材时应将胶粘度制均匀，并均匀涂刷，同时卷材贴合后，应先排出空气，再用回丝进行推平压实。
4, paving waterproof material should be made uniform viscosity, and evenly, and roll after fitting, should first exhaust the air and waste of leveling compaction.
5、暗埋的给排水管道，应在安装施工完成后进行打压或灌水试验，若无渗漏现象，方可进行隐蔽，避免因管道暗设接口不密实，造成墙体或地面的内部出现渗漏水现象。
5, the buried water supply and drainage pipeline should be pressed or irrigated after installation and construction. If there is no leakage phenomenon, it can be concealed to avoid leakage due to the incompact interface of the pipeline, resulting in leakage of water inside the walls or floors.
6、若过楼板管道中预留的孔洞过大，应在管道安装施工完成后按两层嵌缝密实，面层为20mm厚的与混凝土内砂浆相同且加掺防水剂的砂浆，底层为比楼板强度等级高一级的加掺膨胀剂的细石混凝土。
6, if the floor pipeline reserved hole is too large, should be installed after the completion of the construction according to the two layer sealing compacting in the pipeline, the surface layer of 20mm thick cement mortar and concrete in the same and adding waterproofing agent, the bottom floor than a high level of strength and expansive soil fine stone DBPs agent.